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Oryx nome
The Oryx nome (Egyptian: ''Ma-hedj'') was one of the 42 ''nomoi'' (administrative divisions) - the Egyptian term ''sepat'' - in ancient Egypt, more precisely the 16th nome of Upper Egypt.〔Wolfram Grajetzki, ''The Middle Kingdom of ancient Egypt: history, archaeology and society''. London, Duckworth Egyptology, 2006, pp. 111-13〕 It was named after a type of antelope and was roughly located in the territories surrounding the modern city of Minya, in middle Egypt.
==History==
The nome is already mentioned on vessels found in the pyramid complex of king Djoser, who ruled at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. Near Zawyet el-Maiyitin were buried the local governors of the late Old Kingdom.〔Wolfgang Helck, ''Die altägyptischen Gaue'', Wiesbaden 1974, ISBN 3920153278, pp. 109-110〕
Most of the history of this nome in the Middle Kingdom comes from the rock-cut tombs of its nomarchs, which were buried at Beni Hasan.〔 Like many other nomes, the Oryx nome rose to prominence during the First Intermediate Period, an epoch that witnessed the decline of royal power and the increase of the local governors' influence. When, during the end of this period, the 11th Dynasty of Theban rulers were close to defeat the rival 10th Dynasty of Herakleopolis, the nomarch of the Oryx nome Baqet III swifted from neutrality to an allegiance to the Thebans.〔Nicolas Grimal, ''A History of Ancient Egypt'', New York, Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, ISBN 0-7607-0649-2, p. 144〕 The subsequent nomarchs managed to gather a considerable amount of wealth between the late 11th – middle 12th Dynasty, as shown by their large and finely decorated tombs at Beni Hasan; some of these governors, like Khnumhotep II, also held the national-level office of ''Overseer of the Eastern Desert''.〔
During the again highly centralized reign of pharaoh Senusret III, the power of the nomarchs of the Oryx nome seems to have declined dramatically, as no burials of governors were found after his reign.〔Wolfram Grajetzki, ''Court Officials of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom'', London 2009, p. 138.〕 In the Second Intermediate Period the nome became part of the 15th Upper Egyptian nome and disappeared as own administrative unit.〔Wolfgang Helck, ''Die altägyptischen Gaue'', Wiesbaden, 1974, ISBN 3920153278, p. 111〕
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